Pagtuturo ng/sa Filipino Gamit ang Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Tungo sa Mungkahing Pagbuo ng Personal na Plano sa Pagkatuto
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21819848Keywords:
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Personal na Plano sa Pagkatuto, Personalisadong Pagkatuto, Estratehiya sa Pagtuturo, Pangangailangan ng Mag-aaralAbstract
Layunin ng pananaliksik na ito na masuri ang karanasan ng mga guro sa paggamit ng Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) sa pagtuturo ng Filipino, kabilang ang paghahanda ng aralin, pagdidisenyo ng mga gawain, at pagbuo ng personal na plano sa pagkatuto ng mga mag-aaral. Gumamit ang pag-aaral ng kwalitatibong disenyo sa pamamagitan ng panayam upang makalap ang masusing pananaw at karanasan ng mga kalahok. Batay sa mga natuklasan, inilarawan ng mga guro ang AGI bilang isang makabagong kasangkapan na nagpapabilis at nagpapalinaw ng paghahanda ng aralin sa pamamagitan ng agarang pagbibigay ng paliwanag, halimbawa, at alternatibong estratehiya. Nakatutulong din ang AGI sa pagsusuri ng progreso ng mag-aaral at sa paghahanda ng mga indibidwal na estratehiya upang higit na mapalalim ang pag-unawa sa mga aralin sa Filipino. Bunga nito, napansin ang pagtaas ng motibasyon, kumpiyansa, at aktibong pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa klase. Natukoy rin ang ilang hamon, gaya ng kakulangan sa kasanayan sa paggamit ng teknolohiya, posibilidad ng maling impormasyon, limitasyon sa kontekstong kultural at lingguwistiko, at panganib ng labis na pag-asa sa AGI. Ipinakita ng pag-aaral na nananatiling mahalaga ang kritikal na pagsusuri, wastong paggabay ng guro, at balanseng integrasyon ng tradisyunal at makabagong pamamaraan upang matiyak ang kalidad ng edukasyon. Pinatutunayan ng pananaliksik na may malaking potensyal ang AGI sa paglinang ng mas personalisado at epektibong pagkatuto, lalo na sa pagbuo ng personal na plano sa pagkatuto, subalit ang matagumpay na implementasyon nito ay nakasalalay sa sapat na pagsasanay, malinaw na patakaran, at responsableng paggamit sa loob ng silid-aralan. Iminumungkahi ang paggamit ng AGI sa pagbuo ng mas organisado, sistematiko, at personalisadong plano sa pagkatuto na nakaayon sa antas ng kakayahan, interes, at pangangailangan ng bawat mag-aaral.
References
Abou-Khalil, V., Helou, S., Khalifé, E., Chen, M. A., Majumdar, R., & Ogata, H. (2021). Emergency online learning in low-resource settings: Effective student engagement strategies. Education Sciences, 11(1), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010024
Adiguzel, T., Kaya, M. H., & Cansu, F. K. (2023). Revolutionizing education with AI: Exploring the transformative potential of ChatGPT. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(3), Article ep429. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13152
Akgun, S., & Greenhow, C. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K-12 settings. AI and Ethics, 2(3), 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00096-7
Alajar, F., Julie, A., & Orobia, M. (2025). Digi-AI: Ugnayan ng digital literacy at pagtanggap ng mga guro sa Filipino sa paggamit ng artificial intelligence sa pagtuturo. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies.
Alshater, M. (2022). Exploring the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing academic performance: A case study of ChatGPT (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4312358). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4312358
Angeles, R., & Lopez, M. (2026). Artificial Intelligence (AI) sa pagtuturo at pagkatuto ng wika: Isang sistematikong naratibong rebyu sa konteksto ng Filipino. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research.
Arshi, O., & Chaudhary, A. (2024). Overview of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). In Advanced Technologies and Societal Change (pp. 1–26). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3222-7_1
Ayanwale, M. A., Sanusi, I. T., Adelana, O. P., Aruleba, K. D., & Oyelere, S. S. (2022). Teachers’ readiness and intention to teach artificial intelligence in schools. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, Article 100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100099
Azmi, E. A. (2020). Artificial intelligence & adaptive learning: The power of being so personalized in education. European Journal of Education and Venturing, 4(12), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.33850/ejev.2020.73465
Baidoo-Anu, D., & Owusu Ansah, L. (2023). Education in the era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4337484). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4337484
Balicoco, O., Torres, Q., Acosta, A., Curammeng, R., Domingo, L., Lumabao, F., & Pagatpatan, J. (2020). Motibasyon sa pag-aaral: Mga salik na nakakaapekto sa estudyante. Course Hero. https://www.coursehero.com/file/248354014/Panimulang-Pananaliksik-Halimbawadocx/
Beck, C. (2024). Paul Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological methodology. In Introduction to phenomenology (Chap. 3). SAGE Publications. https://methods.sagepub.com/book/mono/introduction-to-phenomenology/chpt/3-paul-colaizzi-s-descriptive-phenomenological-methodology
Benito, J. (2023). Kahandaan ng guro sa pagtuturo ng asignaturang Filipino sa antas sekondarya. Global Scientific Journal, 11(2). https://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Kahandaan_ng_Guro_sa_Pagtuturo_ng_Asignaturang_Filipino_sa_Antas_Sekondarya.pdf
Bergdahl, N., Nouri, J., Fors, U., & Knutsson, O. (2020). Engagement, disengagement and performance when learning with technologies in upper secondary school. Computers & Education, 149, Article 103783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103783
Bernacki, M. L., Greene, M. J., & Lobczowski, N. G. (2021). A systematic review of research on personalized learning: Personalized by whom, to what, how, and for what purpose(s)? Educational Psychology Review, 33(4), 1675–1715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09615-8
Bitzenbauer, P. (2023). ChatGPT in physics education: A pilot study on easy-to-implement activities. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(3), Article ep430. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13176
Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., & Openo, J. (2023). Speculative futures on ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence (AI): A collective reflection from the educational landscape. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 53–130. https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/709
Cardona, M., Rodríguez, R., & Ishmael, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology. https://www.ed.gov/sites/ed/files/documents/ai-report/ai-report.pdf
Chiu, T. K. F., & Chai, C. S. (2020). Sustainable curriculum planning for artificial intelligence education: A self-determination theory perspective. Sustainability, 12(14), Article 5568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145568
Cooper, G. (2023). Examining science education in ChatGPT: An exploratory study of generative artificial intelligence. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 32(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-023-10039-y
Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2023). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148
Coursera. (2024, January 9). What is Artificial General Intelligence? Definition and examples. https://www.coursera.org/articles/what-is-artificial-general-intelligence
Dempsey, A. (2024). What is adaptive learning technology? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. https://www.hmhco.com/blog/what-is-adaptive-learning-technology
Department of Education. (2023). DepEd Order No. 054, s. 2023: Pilot implementation of the MATATAG curriculum. Republic of the Philippines. https://www.deped.gov.ph/2023/09/08/september-8-2023-dm-054-s-2023-pilot-implementation-of-the-matatag-curriculum/
Dichoso, J. D., Lagata, M. C. J., & Marbella, F. D. (2025). Kamalayan, pagtanggap, at hamon sa paggamit ng Artificial Intelligence sa pagtuturo ng Filipino. International Journal of Research Studies in Education.
Eden, C. A., Chisom, O. N., & Adeniyi, I. S. (2024). Integrating AI in education: Opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 10(2), 006–013. https://doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2024.10.2.0039
Emerson, A., Min, W., Rowe, J., Azevedo, R., & Lester, J. (2023). Multimodal predictive student modeling with multi-task transfer learning. In Proceedings of the 13th International Learning Analytics & Knowledge Conference (LAK '23) (pp. 300–310). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3576050.3576101
Familoni, B. T., & Onyebuchi, N. C. (2024). Advancements and challenges in AI integration for technical literacy: A systematic review. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5(4), 1415–1430. https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i4.1042
Farahani, M., & Ghasmi, G. (2024). Artificial intelligence in education: A comprehensive study. Forum for Education Studies, 2(3), Article 1379. https://doi.org/10.59400/fes.v2i3.1379
Federico, C. (2024). Risk and artificial general intelligence. AI & SOCIETY, 39, 1205–1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02004-z
Fei, N., Lu, Z., Gao, Y., Yang, G., Huo, Y., Wen, J., Lu, H., Song, R., Gao, X., Xiang, T., & Wen, J.-R. (2022). Towards artificial general intelligence via a multimodal foundation model. Nature Communications, 13, Article 3094. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30761-2
Fernandez-Herrero, J. (2024). Evaluating recent advances in affective intelligent tutoring systems: A scoping review of educational impacts and future prospects. Education Sciences, 14(8), Article 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080839
Fitzpatrick, D. (2025, January 7). AGI is coming in 2025. Schools urgently need a strategy. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/danfitzpatrick/2025/01/07/agi-is-coming-in-2025-schools-urgently-need-a-strategy/
Fjelland, R. (2020). Why general artificial intelligence will not be realized. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0494-4
Fletscher, L., Mercado, J., Gómez, A., & Mendoza-Cardenas, C. (2025). Innovating personalized learning in virtual education through AI. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 9(7), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti9070069
Fortuna, A., Prasetya, F., Samala, A. D., Rawas, S., Criollo-C, S., Kaya, D., Raihan, M., Andriani, W., Safitri, D., & Nabawi, R. A. (2025). Artificial intelligence in personalized learning: A global systematic review of current advancements and shaping future opportunities. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 12, Article 102114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102114
Fu, Y., Weng, Z., & Wang, J. (2024). Examining AI use in educational contexts: A scoping meta-review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-024-00442-w
Gardner, J., O’Leary, M., & Yuan, L. (2021). Artificial intelligence in educational assessment: 'Breakthrough? Or buncombe and ballyhoo?'. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(5), 1207–1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12577
George, B., & Wooden, O. (2023). Managing the strategic transformation of higher education through artificial intelligence. Administrative Sciences, 13(9), Article 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13090196
Glenn, J. (2023). Artificial general intelligence issues and opportunities: Rapid exploration. The Millennium Project. https://www.millennium-project.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/EC-AGI-paper.pdf
Global Market Insights. (2023). Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education market size worth USD 80 Bn by 2030. https://www.gminsights.com/pressrelease/artificial-intelligence-ai-in-education-market
Gupta, P., Raturi, S., & Venkateswarlu, P. (2023). ChatGPT for designing course outlines: A boon or bane to modern technology. In Proceedings of the 2023 6th International Conference on Computers in Education (pp. 12–18). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3626252.3630803
Harari, Y. N. (2023, April 28). Yuval Noah Harari argues that AI has hacked the operating system of human civilisation. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2023/04/28/yuval-noah-harari-argues-that-ai-has-hacked-the-operating-system-of-human-civilisation
Hellstrom, T., & Bensch, S. (2022). Apocalypse now: No need for artificial general intelligence. AI & SOCIETY, 38(4), 1645–1657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01526-8
Helson, A., & Elardo, G. (2024). Edukasyong Pilipino sa panahon ng Artificial Intelligence. Department of Education Division of Bataan. https://www.depedbataan.com/wpcontent/uploads/2024/02/EDUKASYONG-PILIPINO-SA-PANAHON-NG-ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE.pdf
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
Hu, L. (2023). Generative AI and future. Towards AI. https://pub.towardsai.net/generative-ai-and-future-c3b1695876f2
Irsyam, D. (2024). Meet Jill Watson: The AI teaching assistant transforming student engagement. Medium. https://medium.com/@dirsyamuddin29/meet-jill-watson-the-ai-teaching-assistant-transforming-student-engagement-6d211d629b57
Katiyar, N., Awasthi, M. V. K., Pratap, R., Mishra, M. K., Shukla, M. N., & Tiwari, M. (2024). AI-driven personalized learning systems: Enhancing educational effectiveness. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(5), 11514–11524. https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i5.4961
Keierleber, M. (2023, October 11). ChatGPT is landing kids in the principal’s office, survey finds. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90966620/chatgpt-is-landing-kids-in-the-principals-office-survey-finds
Khlaif, Z., Odeh, A., & Bsharat, T. (2024). Generative AI-powered adaptive assessment. In Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design (pp. 157–176). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6397-3.ch007
Latif, E., Mai, G., Nyaaba, M., Wu, X., Liu, N., Lu, G., Li, S., Liu, T., & Zhai, X. (2024). AGI: Artificial General Intelligence for education (arXiv:2304.12479). arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.12479
Lee, G., Latif, E., Wu, X., Liu, N., & Zhai, X. (2024). Applying large language models and chain-of-thought for automatic scoring. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, Article 100214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100214
Lee, G., Shi, L., Latif, E., Gao, Y., Bewersdorff, A., Nyaaba, M., Guo, S., Liu, Z., Mai, G., Liu, T., & Zhai, X. (2025). Multimodality of AI for education: Towards Artificial General Intelligence. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 18, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2025.3574466
Liu, D., Huang, R., Chen, Y., Adarkwah, M. A., Zhang, X., Li, X., Zhang, J., & Da, T. (2024). Personalized tutoring through conversational agents. In Smart Computing and Intelligence (pp. 59–85). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5826-5_4
Lo, C. K. (2023). What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences, 13(4), Article 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
Lumbre, K. S., & Dela Peña, M. R. (2023). Epekto ng makabago at multimodal na estratehiya sa pagkatuto ng Filipino sa Senior High School. Journal of Innovative Filipino Education, 6(2), 34–52.
Lydia, E. G., Vidhyavathi, P., & Malathi, P. (2023). A study on: AI in education: Opportunities and challenges for personalized learning. Industrial Engineering Journal, 52(5), 750–759. https://doi.org/10.36893/iej.2023.v52i05.750-759
Manonggiring, S., & Saldua, M. (2025). Artificial Intelligence at ang akademikong pagganap sa Filipino ng mga mag-aaral: TAM Model. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research for Innovation, Sustainability and Excellence.
Mario, L., Posada, J., Pilco-Chambilla, F., Mayorga, M., & Ivonne, J. (2025). Personalization of learning through artificial intelligence: An analysis of adaptive models in digital education. Journal of Information Systems Engineering & Management, 10(30s), 836–846. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i30s.4922
McLean, S., Read, G. J. M., Thompson, J., Baber, C., Stanton, N. A., & Salmon, P. M. (2021). The risks associated with Artificial General Intelligence: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 35(5), 649–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/0952813x.2021.1964003
Mishra, P. (2024, March 21). The (Neil) Postman always rings twice: 5 questions on AI and education. Punya Mishra's Web. https://punyamishra.com/2024/03/21/the-neil-postman-always-rings-twice-5-questions-on-ai-and-education/
Mishra, P., Warr, M., & Islam, R. (2023). TPACK in the age of ChatGPT and Generative AI. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 39(4), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2023.2247480
MIT Technology Review Insights. (2025, August 13). The road to artificial general intelligence. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/08/13/1121479/the-road-to-artificial-general-intelligence/
Mitchell, M. (2024). Debates on the nature of artificial general intelligence. Science, 383(6689), Article eado7069. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado7069
Mitra, M., Drazenovic, G., Ramzani, S. R., & Taherdoost, H. (2025). Integrating AI tools to enhance learning outcomes in modern education systems. Procedia Computer Science, 263, 514–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.07.062
Mohammed, P. S., & Watson, E. (2019). Towards inclusive education in the age of artificial intelligence: Perspectives, challenges, and opportunities. In Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 17–37). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8161-4_2
Monett, D., Lewis, C. W. P., Thórisson, K. R., Bach, J., Baldassarre, G., Granato, G., Berkeley, I. S. N., Chollet, F., Crosby, M., Shevlin, H., Fox, J., Laird, J. E., Legg, S., Lindes, P., Mikolov, T., Rapaport, W. J., Rojas, R., Rosa, M., Stone, P., & Sutton, R. S. (2020). Special issue “On Defining Artificial Intelligence”—Commentaries and author’s response. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 11(2), 1–100. https://doi.org/10.2478/jagi-2020-0003
Morris, C. (2025). Why some AI leaders say Artificial General Intelligence is already here. Inc. https://www.inc.com/chris-morris/ai-leaders-jensen-huang-nvidia-say-artificial-general-intelligence-is-already-here/91262416
Mulaudzi, L. V., & Hamilton, J. (2025). Lecturer’s perspective on the role of AI in personalized learning: Benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations in higher education. Journal of Academic Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-025-09615-1
Nam, J. (2023). 56% of college students have used AI on assignments or exams. BestColleges. https://www.bestcolleges.com/research/most-college-students-have-used-ai-survey/
Nguyen, T. (2024). Generative AI in education: Benefits, barriers, and use cases. Neurond. https://www.neurond.com/blog/generative-ai-in-education
Obaid, O. I. (2023). From machine learning to Artificial General Intelligence: A roadmap and implications. Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data, 2023, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.58496/MJBD/2023/012
Parks, C. (2024). Artificial General Intelligence and the mind-body problem: Exploring the computability of simulated human intelligence in light of the immaterial mind (Honors Thesis). Liberty University. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/honors/1503/
Pedro, F., Subosa, M., Rivas, A., & Valverde, P. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366994
Pesovski, I., Santos, R., Henriques, R., & Trajkovik, V. (2024). Generative AI for customizable learning experiences. Sustainability, 16(7), Article 3034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073034
Purnama, R., Adnyana, P. I., Sogen, A. T., Indrawan, G., & Santosa, M. H. (2025). Teacher’s readiness toward artificial intelligence in the school of North Bali. Jurnal Paedagogy, 12(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.33394/jp.v12i1.13707
Ramalakshmi, S., & Asha, G. (2024). Exploring generative AI: Models, applications, and challenges in data synthesis. Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science, 17(12), 123–136. https://journalajrcos.com/index.php/AJRCOS/article/view/533
Raman, R., Kowalski, R., Achuthan, K., Iyer, A., & Nedungadi, P. (2025). Navigating artificial general intelligence development: Societal, technological, ethical, and brain-inspired pathways. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 2190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92190-7
Rane, N., Choudhary, S., & Rane, J. (2023). Education 4.0 and 5.0: Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) for personalized and adaptive learning (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4638365). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4638365
Rathi, S. (2022). Approaches to Artificial General Intelligence: An analysis (arXiv:2202.03153). arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03153
Rayhan, A., Rayhan, R., & Rayhan, S. (2023). Artificial General Intelligence: Roadmap to achieving human-level capabilities. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33680.79361/1
Salip, E. (2025). Digi-AI: Paggamit ng Artificial Intelligence (AI) sa pagtuturo ng wika at kumpiyansa ng mga guro bilang prediktor ng kasanayan sa pagbasa ng mga mag-aaral. International Journal of Science and Education.
Salmon, P. M., Baber, C., Burns, C., Carden, T., Cooke, N. J., Cummings, M., Hancock, P., McLean, S., Read, G. J. M., & Stanton, N. A. (2023). Managing the risks of artificial general intelligence: A human factors and ergonomics perspective. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 33(5), 380–393. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20996
Selwyn, N. (2019). Should robots replace teachers? AI and the future of education. Polity Press.
Tapalova, O., & Zhiyenbayeva, N. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: AIEd for personalised learning pathways. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 20(5), 639–653. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.20.5.2597
Teo, T., Huang, F., & Hoi, C. K. W. (2019). Expanding the concept of technology acceptance: The role of ease of use, perceived usefulness, and attitude. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(1), 32–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117749430
Terwiesch, C. (2023). Would ChatGPT get a Wharton MBA? A prediction based on its performance in the Operations Management course. Mack Institute for Innovation Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. https://mackinstitute.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Would-ChatGPT-get-a-Wharton-MBA.pdf
The Open Innovation Team, Department for Education. (2024). Generative AI in education: Educator and expert views report. UK Department for Education. https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/40468/
Thunström, A. O. (2022, June 30). We asked GPT-3 to write an academic paper about itself—then we tried to get it published. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/we-asked-gpt-3-to-write-an-academic-paper-about-itself-mdash-then-we-tried-to-get-it-published/
UNESCO. (2022). K-12 AI curricula: A mapping of government-endorsed AI curricula. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380602
UNESCO. (2023). Guidance for generative AI in education and research. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/guidance-generative-ai-education-and-research
Uspenskyi, S. (2025). Generative AI in education: Examples, benefits, challenges. Springs. https://springsapps.com/knowledge/generative-ai-in-education-examples-benefits-challenges
U.S. Department of Education. (2023). Competency-based learning or personalized learning. http://www.ed.gov/oii-news/competency-based-learning-or-personalized-learning
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations. https://www2.ed.gov/documents/ai-report/ai-report.pdf
Voss, P. (2025). Essentials of general intelligence: The direct path to AGI. KurzweilAI. https://kurzweilai-brain.gothdyke.mom/articles/art0513.html
Wang, P., & Goertzel, B. (2025). Introduction: Aspects of Artificial General Intelligence. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 167, 1–16. https://ebooks.iospress.nl/volumearticle/3470
Williams, B. (2020). Colaizzi method in qualitative research for data interpretation. Insight7. https://insight7.io/colaizzi-method-in-qualitative-research-for-data-interpretation/
Williamson, B., Eynon, R., & Potter, J. (2020). Pandemic politics, pedagogies and practices: Digital technologies and distance education during the coronavirus emergency. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1761641
Wu, N. Y. (2024). Future of information professions: Adapting to the AGI era. Scientific and Technical Information Processing, 51(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.3103/s0147688224700199
Yolcu, H. (2023). Redefining the teacher's role in education through Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371538590_Redefining_the_Teacher%27s_Role_in_Education_through_Artificial_General_Intelligence_AGI
Yu, H., Guo, Y., Yang, H., Zhang, W., & Dong, Y. (2025). Can ChatGPT revolutionize language learning? Unveiling the power of AI in multilingual education through user insights and pedagogical impact. European Journal of Education, 60(1), Article e12749. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12749
Zaman, B. U. (2024). Leveraging Big Data and AI for personalized learning: Opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382274658_Leveraging_Big_Data_and_AI_for_Personalized_Learning_Opportunities_Challenges_and_Ethical_Considerations
Zhai, X. (2022). ChatGPT user experience: Implications for education (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4312418). Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4312418
Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J. B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021). A review of artificial intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020. Complexity, 2021, Article 8812542. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8812542
Zhai, X., He, P., & Krajcik, J. (2022). Applying machine learning to automatically assess scientific models. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 59(8), 1465–1494. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21773
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
